The history of bureaucracy

The ancient bureaucracy
The term "bureaucracy" appeared in the middle of the 18th century, but the organized and consistent administrative system known today as this term is much older. The invention and development of writing (around 3500 BC) and documentation were important for the functioning of this system. The first signs of bureaucracy can be seen in the ancient Sumerian Empire. , where an increasing class of scribes used clay plates to record the harvest and divide it. In ancient Egypt, we also find many records of civil service administration registrars.

The Roman Empire was governed by a hierarchy of regional proconsuls and their deputies. Diocletian's reform doubled the number of administrative districts and led to a huge expansion of the Roman bureaucracy. The Christian writer Lactantius argued that Diocletian's reform led to widespread economic stagnation, as the province was divided into small parts, and many rulers and junior officers seized its entire territory. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantium created an even more complex administrative hierarchy.

In ancient China, the Chan Dynasty established a complex bureaucracy based on the teachings of Confucius, who emphasized the importance of rituals in family relations and politics. With each successive dynasty, the bureaucracy grew stronger. During the reign of the Song Dynasty, the bureaucracy became meritocratic: according to the results of the tests, it was decided who could hold which position. The Imperial testing system lasted until 1905, six years before the fall of the Qing Dynasty, which ended the traditional Chinese bureaucratic system.

Modern bureaucracy
The modern form of bureaucracy originated in the British Excise Department in the 18th century. According to Niall Ferguson, the bureaucracy was based on "hiring based on exams, training, promotions, regular salaries and pensions, and standard procedures. The system was strictly hierarchical, and the emphasis was on technical and efficient tax collection methods.

In the early 19th century, Napoleon tried to reform the bureaucracy in France and other territories under his control with the help of the Civil Code (Civil Code), which led to a further strengthening of the bureaucracy.

In the middle of the 19th century, bureaucratic forms of government were deeply rooted throughout the industrialized world. Thinkers such as John Stewart or Karl Marx began to consider the economic functions of bureaucracy in our time. Max Weber was the first to see bureaucracy as an integral part of modernity, and by the end of the 19th century, bureaucratic forms began to spread from the public sector to other large institutions.

In the 20th century, informal bureaucratic structures appeared in capitalist systems in the form of hierarchies of power in corporations, which is described in detail in works of the mid-20th century, such as "The Organization Man" or "The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit." Meanwhile, in the USSR and the Eastern Bloc, a class of bureaucratic officials claimed that the nomenklatura carried power and controlled almost all aspects of public life.

In the 1980s, politicians like Margaret Thatcher also gained popularity through campaigns promising to rein in government bureaucracy, which they considered arrogant, and by returning economic production to a pure capitalist model that seemed more efficient. Also in the business world, executives like Jack Welch have amassed wealth and fame by reducing bureaucratic structures within corporations themselves.

However, the modern world still relies on bureaucratic organizations that manage information, process and store records, but also maintain a comprehensive system of international interaction in today's globalized world, even though the reduction of document flow and the use of electronic databases are changing the way bureaucracy works. Любители ставок из в Калуге переходят по ссылке скачать Мелбет и скачивают Мелбет. Поддерживаются все современные устройства. Новичкам доступны фрибет и кэшбэк. Вывод на карту без задержек. Контакт: 8 (800) 700-11-44.